Reproducing Polynomials with B-Splines: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
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| + | <section begin="head"/> | ||
A B-Spline of order <math>N</math> is known to be able to reproduce any polynomial up to order <math>N</math><ref>I.J. Schoenberg: "Cardinal interpolation and spline functions", ''J. Approx. Theory volume 2'', pp. 167-206, 1969</ref>: | A B-Spline of order <math>N</math> is known to be able to reproduce any polynomial up to order <math>N</math><ref>I.J. Schoenberg: "Cardinal interpolation and spline functions", ''J. Approx. Theory volume 2'', pp. 167-206, 1969</ref>: | ||
| Zeile 5: | Zeile 6: | ||
</math> | </math> | ||
| − | In words, a proper linear combination of shifted versions of a B-Spline can reproduce any polynomial up to order <math>N</math>. This is needed for different applications, for example, for the Sampling at Finite Rate of Innovation (FRI) framework. In this case any kernel <math>\varphi</math> reproducing polynomials (that is, satisfying the Strang-Fix conditions) can be used. However, among all possible kernels, the B-Splines have the smallest possible support. | + | In words, a proper linear combination of shifted versions of a B-Spline can reproduce any polynomial up to order <math>N</math>. This is needed for different applications, for example, for the Sampling at Finite Rate of Innovation (FRI) framework<ref>P.L. Dragotti, M. Vetterli, T.Blu: "Sampling Moments and Reconstructing Signals of Finite Rate of Innovation: Shannon Meets Strang-Fix", ''IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing'', vol. 55, No. 5, May 2007</ref>. In this case any kernel <math>\varphi</math> reproducing polynomials (that is, satisfying the Strang-Fix conditions) can be used. However, among all possible kernels, the B-Splines have the smallest possible support. |
An important question is how to obtain the coefficients <math>c_{m,n}</math> for the reproduction-formula. In this small article, I describe one way. | An important question is how to obtain the coefficients <math>c_{m,n}</math> for the reproduction-formula. In this small article, I describe one way. | ||
| + | <section end="head"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Starting from | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} c_{m,n} \varphi(t - n) = t^m | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | the coefficients can be obtained using the dual of <math>\varphi</math>, <math>\tilde{\varphi}</math> (I set <math>\beta_N = \varphi</math> for consistency with my notes): | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | c_{m,n} = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} t^m \tilde{\varphi}(t - n)\,dt | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | However, even if the dual would be known, solving the infinite integral is only feasible when the dual has finite support. This is the case with the B-Spline itself but not with its dual! | ||
| + | |||
| + | A closer look at the formula tells that this is nothing more than a convolution (under the assumption that <math>\tilde{\varphi}</math> is symmetric which is the case): | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | c_{m,n} = \int t^m \tilde{\varphi}(-(n-t))\,dt = \int t^m \tilde{\varphi}(n-t)\,dt = (t^m * \tilde{\varphi})(n) | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Now, this can be transformed to fourier domain: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | (t^m * \tilde{\varphi})(n) = \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{ \mathcal{F}\left\{t^m\right\} \tilde{\Phi}(\omega)\right\} = \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{ j^m \sqrt{2\pi} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) \right\} = j^m \sqrt{2\pi} \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{\delta^{(n)}(\omega) \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) \right\} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Writing the inverse of this expression yields: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | j^m \sqrt{2\pi} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) e^{j\omega n}\,d\omega = j^m \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) \underbrace{\tilde{\Phi}(\omega) e^{j\omega n}}_{f(\omega)}\,d\omega | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | It is known that<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function</ref>: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \int \delta^{(n)}(x) f(x)\,dx = (-1)^n f^{(n)}(0) | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | so that | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | j^m \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) f(\omega)\,d\omega = j^m (-1)^m \left. \frac{\partial^m}{\partial \omega^m} f(\omega) \right|_{\omega = 0} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Now the whole procedure has been reduced to calculate the derivative of <math>f(\omega)</math> and set the result to zero. | ||
| + | |||
| + | An open question is how to obtain the dual of <math>\varphi</math>. As the reproduction formula spans a vector space, the <math>\varphi</math> must be at least bi-orthogonal to <math>\tilde{\varphi}</math>. This translates in fourier domain to<ref>S. Mallat: "A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing", ''Academic Press'' 1999</ref>: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) = \frac{\Phi(\omega)}{\sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} |\Phi(\omega + 2\pi k)|^2} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The fourier transform of a B-Spline of order <math>N</math> is (e.g. <ref>M.Unser: "Splines - A Perfect Fit for Signal and Imaging Processing", ''IEEE Signal Processing Magazine'' Nov. 1999</ref>): | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \Beta_N(\omega) = \Phi(\omega) = \left( \frac{\sin(\omega/2)}{\omega/2} \right)^{N+1} = | ||
| + | \mathrm{sinc}^{N+1}(\omega/2) | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The following derivation of the sum is borrowed from <ref>M.J.C.S. Reis, P.J.S.G. Ferreira, S.F.S.P. Soares: "Linear combinations of B-splines as generating functions for signal approximation", ''Elsevier Digital Signal Processing 15'', 2005</ref>. For this derivation to work, I set <math>L=N+1</math> temprarily: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} |\Phi(\omega + 2\pi k)|^2 = | ||
| + | \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} \left|\mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right)^L \right|^2 = | ||
| + | \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} \left|\mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right) \right|^{2L} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | and because <math>2L</math> is always even: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{\sin^{2L}(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k))}{\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right)^{2L}} | ||
| + | = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{\sin^{2L}(\frac{\omega}{2} + \pi k))}{(\frac{\omega}{2} + \pi k)^{2L}} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Because of the periodicity it is known that | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \sin^{2L}(x + \pi k) = \sin^{2L}(x) | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | such that | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | = \sin^{2L}(\frac{\omega}{2}) \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{1}{(\frac{\omega}{2} + \pi k)^{2L}} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | And finally the following relation is used: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \sum_k \frac{1}{(x + \pi k)^{2L}} = -\frac{1}{(2L-1)!} \frac{d^{2L-1}}{dx^{2L-1}} \cot{x} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | in order to finally obtain: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} \left|\mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right)^L \right|^2 = | ||
| + | -\sin^{2L}\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right) \frac{1}{(2L-1)!} \frac{d^{2L-1}}{d\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)^{2L-1}} \cot{\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | and with <math>L = N+1</math>: | ||
| + | |||
| + | <math> | ||
| + | \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} |\Phi(\omega + 2\pi k)|^2 = | ||
| + | -\sin^{2(N+1)}\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right) \frac{1}{(2N+1)!} \frac{d^{2N+1}}{d\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)^{2N+1}} \cot{\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)} | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Version vom 19. Juli 2010, 14:33 Uhr
A B-Spline of order Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle N} is known to be able to reproduce any polynomial up to order Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle N} [1]:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} c_{m,n} \beta_N (t - n) = t^m }
In words, a proper linear combination of shifted versions of a B-Spline can reproduce any polynomial up to order Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle N} . This is needed for different applications, for example, for the Sampling at Finite Rate of Innovation (FRI) framework[2]. In this case any kernel Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varphi} reproducing polynomials (that is, satisfying the Strang-Fix conditions) can be used. However, among all possible kernels, the B-Splines have the smallest possible support.
An important question is how to obtain the coefficients Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle c_{m,n}} for the reproduction-formula. In this small article, I describe one way.
Starting from
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} c_{m,n} \varphi(t - n) = t^m }
the coefficients can be obtained using the dual of Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varphi} , Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \tilde{\varphi}} (I set Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \beta_N = \varphi} for consistency with my notes):
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle c_{m,n} = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} t^m \tilde{\varphi}(t - n)\,dt }
However, even if the dual would be known, solving the infinite integral is only feasible when the dual has finite support. This is the case with the B-Spline itself but not with its dual!
A closer look at the formula tells that this is nothing more than a convolution (under the assumption that Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \tilde{\varphi}} is symmetric which is the case):
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle c_{m,n} = \int t^m \tilde{\varphi}(-(n-t))\,dt = \int t^m \tilde{\varphi}(n-t)\,dt = (t^m * \tilde{\varphi})(n) }
Now, this can be transformed to fourier domain:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle (t^m * \tilde{\varphi})(n) = \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{ \mathcal{F}\left\{t^m\right\} \tilde{\Phi}(\omega)\right\} = \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{ j^m \sqrt{2\pi} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) \right\} = j^m \sqrt{2\pi} \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left\{\delta^{(n)}(\omega) \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) \right\} }
Writing the inverse of this expression yields:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle j^m \sqrt{2\pi} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) e^{j\omega n}\,d\omega = j^m \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) \underbrace{\tilde{\Phi}(\omega) e^{j\omega n}}_{f(\omega)}\,d\omega }
It is known that[3]:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \int \delta^{(n)}(x) f(x)\,dx = (-1)^n f^{(n)}(0) }
so that
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle j^m \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta^{(n)}(\omega) f(\omega)\,d\omega = j^m (-1)^m \left. \frac{\partial^m}{\partial \omega^m} f(\omega) \right|_{\omega = 0} }
Now the whole procedure has been reduced to calculate the derivative of and set the result to zero.
An open question is how to obtain the dual of Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varphi} . As the reproduction formula spans a vector space, the Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \varphi} must be at least bi-orthogonal to Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \tilde{\varphi}} . This translates in fourier domain to[4]:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \tilde{\Phi}(\omega) = \frac{\Phi(\omega)}{\sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} |\Phi(\omega + 2\pi k)|^2} }
The fourier transform of a B-Spline of order Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle N} is (e.g. [5]):
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \Beta_N(\omega) = \Phi(\omega) = \left( \frac{\sin(\omega/2)}{\omega/2} \right)^{N+1} = \mathrm{sinc}^{N+1}(\omega/2) }
The following derivation of the sum is borrowed from [6]. For this derivation to work, I set Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle L=N+1} temprarily:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} |\Phi(\omega + 2\pi k)|^2 = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} \left|\mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right)^L \right|^2 = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} \left|\mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right) \right|^{2L} }
and because Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle 2L} is always even:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{\sin^{2L}(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k))}{\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right)^{2L}} = \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{\sin^{2L}(\frac{\omega}{2} + \pi k))}{(\frac{\omega}{2} + \pi k)^{2L}} }
Because of the periodicity it is known that
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sin^{2L}(x + \pi k) = \sin^{2L}(x) }
such that
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle = \sin^{2L}(\frac{\omega}{2}) \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{1}{(\frac{\omega}{2} + \pi k)^{2L}} }
And finally the following relation is used:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_k \frac{1}{(x + \pi k)^{2L}} = -\frac{1}{(2L-1)!} \frac{d^{2L-1}}{dx^{2L-1}} \cot{x} }
in order to finally obtain:
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} \left|\mathrm{sinc}\left(\frac{1}{2}(\omega + 2\pi k)\right)^L \right|^2 = -\sin^{2L}\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right) \frac{1}{(2L-1)!} \frac{d^{2L-1}}{d\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)^{2L-1}} \cot{\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)} }
and with Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle L = N+1} :
Fehler beim Parsen (MathML mit SVG- oder PNG-Rückgriff (empfohlen für moderne Browser und Barrierefreiheitswerkzeuge): Ungültige Antwort („Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.“) von Server „https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/“:): {\displaystyle \sum_{k \in \mathbb{Z}} |\Phi(\omega + 2\pi k)|^2 = -\sin^{2(N+1)}\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right) \frac{1}{(2N+1)!} \frac{d^{2N+1}}{d\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)^{2N+1}} \cot{\left(\frac{\omega}{2}\right)} }
- ↑ I.J. Schoenberg: "Cardinal interpolation and spline functions", J. Approx. Theory volume 2, pp. 167-206, 1969
- ↑ P.L. Dragotti, M. Vetterli, T.Blu: "Sampling Moments and Reconstructing Signals of Finite Rate of Innovation: Shannon Meets Strang-Fix", IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 55, No. 5, May 2007
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function
- ↑ S. Mallat: "A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing", Academic Press 1999
- ↑ M.Unser: "Splines - A Perfect Fit for Signal and Imaging Processing", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Nov. 1999
- ↑ M.J.C.S. Reis, P.J.S.G. Ferreira, S.F.S.P. Soares: "Linear combinations of B-splines as generating functions for signal approximation", Elsevier Digital Signal Processing 15, 2005